Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used primarily to treat glaucoma, epilepsy, altitude sickness, and certain types of edema. By reducing the formation of bicarbonate in the kidneys, it helps decrease fluid buildup and lower intraocular pressure.

Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis. It works by blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a protein that contributes to inflammation in autoimmune conditions.

Atorvastatin is a statin medication that lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a crucial role in cholesterol production in the liver. It helps prevent cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes, especially in high-risk individuals.

Budesonide is a corticosteroid commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. It exerts local anti-inflammatory effects with minimal systemic absorption, making it suitable for long-term use in targeted tissues.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug used to manage epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and trigeminal neuralgia. It stabilizes hyperexcited nerve membranes by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels.

Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-blocking activity, used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and left ventricular dysfunction after a heart attack. It improves heart function by reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

Ciclosporin (also spelled cyclosporine) is an immunosuppressive agent used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune disorders like psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. It acts by inhibiting calcineurin, which decreases T-cell activation.

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective against various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is commonly prescribed for urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal infections.

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and Helicobacter pylori-associated ulcers. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, leading to bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects depending on concentration.

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic used for treating serious anaerobic infections and certain types of skin and soft tissue infections. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is often used when patients are allergic to penicillin.

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication used to prevent blood clots in patients with cardiovascular disease, recent stroke, or after certain procedures like stent placement. It works by irreversibly inhibiting the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, reducing platelet aggregation.

Desogestrel 0.075 mg is a progestin-only oral contraceptive (also known as the “mini-pill”) used to prevent pregnancy. It primarily works by thickening cervical mucus and suppressing ovulation, offering a suitable option for women who cannot take estrogen.

Doxazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker prescribed for hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). By relaxing vascular smooth muscle and the bladder neck, it lowers blood pressure and improves urinary flow.

Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer. It targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is often overexpressed in certain tumors, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation.

Ethinylestradiol 0.02 mg and Desogestrel 0.15 mg is a combined oral contraceptive that provides effective birth control by inhibiting ovulation, altering the uterine lining, and thickening cervical mucus. It also offers benefits such as cycle regulation and reduction of menstrual symptoms.

Ethinylestradiol 0.02 mg and Gestodene 0.075 mg is another combined oral contraceptive that works similarly by preventing ovulation and altering the endometrium and cervical mucus. It is often chosen for its low estrogen dose and favorable bleeding profile.

Etodolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to manage pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, thereby reducing prostaglandin synthesis.

Etoricoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor used for the relief of pain and inflammation in arthritis, gout, and ankylosing spondylitis. Its COX-2 selectivity offers gastrointestinal protection compared to traditional NSAIDs, though cardiovascular risk remains a consideration.

Deferiprone (Ferriprox) is an oral iron chelator used to treat iron overload in patients with thalassemia or other chronic transfusion-dependent anemias. It binds free iron, allowing its excretion primarily through urine.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat systemic and superficial fungal infections, including candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes.

Fluticasone Propionate 0.125 mg/dose and Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate 0.005 mg/dose is a combination inhaler used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that reduces airway inflammation, while formoterol is a long-acting beta-agonist that relaxes bronchial muscles.

Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic primarily used as a single-dose treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis at an early stage, offering convenience and effectiveness.

Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal agent used to treat a wide range of fungal infections, including histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and onychomycosis. It interferes with ergosterol synthesis, disrupting fungal cell membrane integrity.

Lamotrigine is an antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing drug used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting voltage-sensitive sodium channels, thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters.

Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump in parietal cells.

Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor used in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It reduces estrogen levels by blocking the conversion of androgens to estrogens, slowing the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumors.

Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant used to treat various types of seizures, including partial-onset, myoclonic, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Though its exact mechanism isn’t fully understood, it is thought to modulate neurotransmitter release by binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A.

Mesalazine (Mesalamine) is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. It acts locally in the colon to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Minocycline is a tetracycline-class antibiotic used for acne, respiratory tract infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to treat conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers, and erosive esophagitis. By blocking gastric acid secretion, it provides symptomatic relief and promotes mucosal healing.

Palonosetron is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and surgery. It has a long half-life, allowing for prolonged antiemetic effects with a single dose.

Pemetrexed is a chemotherapy agent used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. It works as an antifolate, disrupting folate-dependent processes essential for DNA synthesis and cell replication.

Pentoxifylline is a hemorheologic agent used to improve blood flow in patients with peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication. It increases red blood cell flexibility and reduces blood viscosity, enhancing microcirculation.

Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant and neuropathic pain agent used to treat conditions like diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, and generalized anxiety disorder. It binds to calcium channels in the central nervous system, reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters.

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism. It works by modulating dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain to restore neurotransmitter balance.

Rivaroxaban is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits factor Xa, used to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke in atrial fibrillation. It offers fixed dosing without the need for routine INR monitoring.

Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia associated with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. It enhances cholinergic transmission by inhibiting both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.

Sulpiride is a substituted benzamide antipsychotic with dopamine antagonist properties, used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia, dysthymia, and certain cases of vertigo. It has both antipsychotic and antidepressant effects at varying doses.

Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). It targets multiple receptors involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis, including VEGFR and PDGFR.

Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker used to relieve urinary symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. It selectively relaxes the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow.

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic used for moderate to moderately severe pain. It has dual mechanisms: acting as a weak opioid receptor agonist and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, enhancing pain modulation.

Ursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid used to treat certain liver and gallbladder disorders, including primary biliary cholangitis and gallstone dissolution. It reduces cholesterol absorption and improves bile flow, thereby protecting liver cells.

Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and to improve survival after myocardial infarction. It works by blocking the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II.

Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety, and panic disorders. It increases the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, improving mood and emotional balance.

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